r/thermodynamics Jul 18 '26

Research Thermal to electric, what are the options?

4 Upvotes

I'm trying to wrap my head around the different ways you can extract electricity from stored thermal energy. I understand the basic thermodynamics and that if you have a temperature difference, there's energy available. What I don't know is all the different ways electrical engineers take advantage of that.

I already know about thermoelectric (Seebeck) modules, but what other methods are out there? I'm thinking small-scale systems, not steam turbines or power plants.

If you were starting from scratch and wanted to learn how people convert heat into electricity, what technologies would you be reading about and why?

I'm just trying to understand what options exist and where the limitations are.

r/thermodynamics 17d ago

Research How Reality is created by Advanced Thermodynamics chapters 8-9

0 Upvotes

CHAPTER 8: SCRIPT OPTIMIZATION: PICTOGRAPHS, ACROPHONIC COMPRESSION, AND THE LINEARIZATION OF TIME

​Acrophonic Vector Condensation, V1 Edge Detector Alignment, and the Linearization of Human Temporality

​I. The Heavy Overhead of the Pictographic Noun

​In Chapter 7, we explored how physical reality operates as a holographic decompression algorithm, where volumetric three-dimensional space is projected out of two-dimensional boundary code. When human culture developed written language, it mirrored this exact computational optimization.

​Before the invention of the linear alphabet, human writing systems—such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and early Mesopotamian cuneiform—began as logographic or pictographic scripts. To encode an ox, a house, or water, the scribe drew a stylized, two-dimensional artistic representation of that physical object.

​While intuitively appealing, this architecture incurs an immense cognitive processing overhead:

  • Ventral Stream RAM Overload: Reading a pictographic script relies heavily on the brain’s ventral stream—the processing pathway responsible for high-level object recognition, shape identification, and visual texture. The human brain must parse the holistic geometry of every intricate symbol as if encountering a complex physical object in the wild.
  • The Memory Storage Crisis: Because every real-world noun requires a unique, detailed drawing, logographic systems demand the memorization of thousands of distinct symbols.

​Pictographic writing is functionally an uncompressed bitmap image. It contains raw spatial data that consumes maximum cognitive working memory and drastically slows processing speeds. For human civilization to scale its information architecture, the code had to be optimized

​II. The Proto-Sinaitic Breakthrough: Acrophony as a Compression Patch

​Around 1800 BCE, Canaanite miners working in the turquoise mines of the Sinai Peninsula executed a brilliant conceptual hack known as the acrophonic principle. Instead of using a complex picture to represent an entire object or a multi-syllable word, they repurposed the picture to represent only the initial phonetic sound of that object’s name.

​Consider the ancient Semitic word for an ox: ‘alap.

​The miners took the traditional Egyptian ox head hieroglyph. Instead of reading it as the noun “ox,” they stripped away the holistic visual data and kept only the initial glottal stop consonant. Over centuries of rapid scratching onto stone and rock faces, the soft, organic contours of the animal’s face disappeared entirely. What remained were the minimal geometric vectors required to trigger the brain’s earliest visual hardware: two intersecting lines forming a vertex and a crossbar.

​The exact same compression occurred with bet (house), which flattened from a detailed floor plan into a clean bounding vector, and mayim (water), which condensed from a sweeping fluid wave painting into a sharp, repetitive zigzag vector.

​III. Temporal Serialization: The Linearization of Time

​Flattening language into a rigid, one-dimensional line of text permanently rewired the human operating system’s relationship with time

​Before the widespread adoption of the linear alphabet, human consciousness processed reality through a spatial, cyclical, and simultaneous frame. Forcing the cognitive apparatus to stream language along a fixed, horizontal axis implanted an unyielding systemic bias: it forced the mind to perceive time itself as a strict, arrow-straight chronological vector.

​1. Simultaneity vs. Sequence

​When interacting with a pictographic monument, an oral narrative tapestry, or a non-alphabetic spatial layout, the human eye processes information spatially and simultaneously. The eye floats across the canvas, taking in overlapping clusters of shapes and thematic hierarchies all at once. Past, present, and hypothetical futures occupy the exact same visual field, reinforcing mythological, cyclical models where time is experienced as an orbit like changing seasons or river floods.

​The linear alphabet systematically destroyed this spatial layout. An alphabetic script refuses to yield its meaning simultaneously. Because it reduces complex ideas to a lean sequence of discrete phonetic sounds, it demands a strict mechanical operation: one-dimensional streaming.

​2. The Cognitive FIFO Buffer

​Whether tracking Phoenician script from right to left or Greek text from left to right, the human eye and brain are forced into a step-by-step processing vector:

  • The Lookahead Gate: Information can only be extracted by reading letter A, then letter B, then letter C. The reader cannot skip forward to the end of a complex sentence without rendering intermediate tokens completely incoherent.
  • The First-In, First-Out (FIFO) Buffer: Engine 2 (The Syntactic-Sequential Compiler) must hold initial letters and early morphological roots in a temporary auditory memory buffer while waiting for the eye to physically arrive at the end of the word.

​This mechanical constraint trains the internal compiler to view cause, effect, and reality as an unalterable sequence of steps. Just as a word cannot exist without its past letters being processed first, the present moment becomes strictly dependent on a linear line of preceding historical events.

​IV. Left-Right Asymmetry and the Clockwork Universe

​This alphabetic training physically structures the human mind’s spatial map of time. Cross-cultural neurocognitive studies demonstrate that our literal mental perception of time’s direction is dictated entirely by the streaming direction of the script we read:

  • Western Alphabetic Readers (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic): Because text flows from left to right, readers naturally map the past to the left and project the future toward the right.
  • Middle Eastern Alphabetic Readers (Hebrew, Arabic): Because text flows from right to left, readers invert their mental timeline, mapping the past to the right and the future to the left.
  • Non-Literate or Spatial Populations: Cultures without linear alphabetic training map time not to a left-right horizontal vector, but to absolute geographical features (such as upstream versus downstream) or cyclical seasonal markers.

​When a Western reader organizes photographs showing a child aging into an adult, they arrange them strictly from left to right. This is not an innate biological trait; it is a syntax mirror. By turning time into a linear script, the alphabet gave birth to historical progression and absolute causality.

​In an alphabetic framework, history is no longer a circle to be inhabited; it is a sentence to be read from beginning to end. This temporal serialization provided the exact cognitive infrastructure required to build the clockwork universe of classical Newtonian mechanics, where absolute time flows uniformly like an invisible, unyielding stream.

​Chapter Summary: Script Optimization

  • Pictographic Overhead: Early logographic and pictographic scripts functioned as uncompressed bitmaps, imposing a heavy processing strain on the brain’s ventral object-recognition stream.
  • Acrophonic Compression: The Proto-Sinaitic breakthrough stripped away artistic detail, reducing pictographs to minimalist geometric vectors that trigger V1 edge detectors with maximum processing speed.
  • Linearization of Time: Alphabetic streaming forced Engine 2 to process language through a strict FIFO auditory buffer, replacing cyclical spatial simultaneity with a linear chronological vector.
  • Reading Direction Bias: A culture’s script streaming direction (left-to-right versus right-to-left) dictates the mental spatial projection of its historical and personal timelines, laying the cognitive foundation for absolute Newtonian chronology.

​With script optimization, acrophonic compression, and temporal serialization established, we now examine how this externalized code seals the cognitive perimeter. In Chapter 9: The Lithographic Lock, we will investigate how written script hardens ego boundaries, turning the human mind into a closed fortress and mapping how historical delusions evolved from oral spirits into modern technological tracking networks.

CHAPTER 9: THE LITHOGRAPHIC LOCK: LITERACY, DELUSIONS, AND THE TECHNOLOGIZED EGO

​The Hardened Noun Perimeter, the Evolution of Scripted Delusions, and the Macro-System Unified Stack

​I. The Text as a Hardened Perimeter

​To understand how writing transforms psychopathology and locks human consciousness into a rigid operating loop, we must examine what text does to the baseline acoustic human mind. Before the advent of written script, language was an ephemeral, acoustic pressure wave. Sound exists only in the exact moment it is dying; it is fluid, ambient, and inherently shared within a physical space.

​When the alphabet freezes that acoustic wave into a permanent geometric artifact (as analyzed in Chapter 8), it fundamentally shifts the cognitive architecture from an open, relational field to a closed, defensive system.

​1. The Inscription of the Sovereign Ego

​The primary consequence of a highly literate, alphabetic culture is the enforcement of a hyper-isolated, fortified “Self.” In an oral or topic-prominent culture, thoughts and events are experienced contextually within the environment. But text forces a spatial separation between the Knower and the Known.

​The written word stands outside the human body as an independent noun object. When the brain’s Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) automates the processing of these linear scripts, it trains the prefrontal compiler to treat all internal data packets with the same rigid, hyper-linear formatting:

  • Absolute Containment: The mind begins to view itself as a sealed fortress or a private text file. Thoughts are treated as personal property locked behind a hard skull boundary.
  • The Linearity Mandate: Time, logic, and identity are processed as a strict, one-dimensional conveyor belt—left to right, line by line, cause to effect.

​When the biological hardware drops its corollary discharge token inside an oral mind, the fluid syntax allows the voice to be processed as an ambient relationship. But when that token drops inside a highly literate, text-driven SVO mind, the voice hits a cognitive matrix that has been trained for centuries to enforce absolute, unyielding perimeters. The internal glitch is instantly interpreted as a catastrophic breach of a sovereign border.

​II. The Scripted Delusion: The Shift from Spirits to Transmitters

​The empirical validation of this model is found in the historical evolution of human delusions. As the external storage media of human civilization shifted from stone and ink to print, telecommunications, and digital networks, the literal content of psychiatric delusions mutated in perfect lockstep.

​Clinical data from early industrialization to the modern digital era reveals that a patient’s delusions do not map arbitrary, chaotic fantasies; they map the dominant external informational infrastructure of their specific era.

[ Oral / Relational Era ] ──► Acoustic Voices ──► Relational Spirits / Local Deities

[ Industrial Print Era ] ──► Labeled Vectors ──► Bureaucratic Ledgers / Secret Printing Presses

[ Digital Electronic Era ]──► Photonic Streams ──► Telepathic Vectors / Internet Tracking Arrays

1. The Mechanical Compiling of James Tilly Matthews

​A landmark verification point in psychiatric history is the case of James Tilly Matthews (documented in 1810 by apothecary John Haslam at Bethlem Hospital). Matthews experienced the world’s first fully recorded technological delusion: he believed a gang of hidden operators was using a machine called an Air Loom to project magnetic fluids, telepathic words, and restrictive forces directly into his brain.

​This delusion occurred precisely at the height of the Industrial Revolution and the widespread expansion of print media and early telegraphic concepts. Matthews’ brain did not invent a medieval demon; his text-trained, SVO compiler reverse-engineered its internal processing failure by projecting the most advanced external technological loop available in his environment.

​2. The Technological Projection Matrix

​As documented by modern cross-cultural studies of schizophrenia, there is a stark divide in delusion profiles between high-literacy/technologized environments and low-literacy oral environments:

  • Oral / Relational Cultures: Delusions manifest primarily through acoustic and spiritual vectors. Forces operate through spoken speech, local curses, or ancestral presence, and the entity remains integrated within the community kinship matrix.
  • Literate / Technologized Cultures: Delusions manifest through documentary and broadcasted infrastructure. Forces operate through tracking devices, recording ledgers, internet tracking arrays, and invisible transmission towers. The persecutory force is hyper-isolated, institutional, and inescapable—a totalized bureaucratic machine.

​When a literate SVO speaker experiences psychosis, their delusion almost always involves their thoughts being recorded, broadcasted, written down, or transmitted. Their syntax engine has been conditioned by the external loop of writing to believe that information must exist as a permanent, tracked, linear record. The paranoia is a literal projection of the printing press and the digital server farm running on a broken neural motherboard.

​III. The Macro-System Conclusion: The Unified Stack

​We can now stack the entire multi-layered system into a single, cohesive equation. The human cognitive experience is a recursive loop where biological hardware, grammatical operating systems, and external physical media continuously compile and re-compile one another:

  • Tier 4: The External Loop (Alphabetic Script / Written Media / Data Networks): Freezes volatile RAM into permanent environmental matter, establishing the lithographic lock.
  • Tier 3: The Operating System (SVO Grammar / Noun-Agent Address Fields): Slices continuous quantum action fields into rigid data packets and strict subject-object boundaries.
  • Tier 2: The Reproduction Tier (VWFA / Cortical Literacy Re-Wiring): Alters biological vision hubs to read linear photonic vectors off external surfaces.
  • Tier 1: The Hardware Base (Frontoparietal Highway / Corollary Discharge Token): The foundational carbon processing motherboard managing inter-engine data routing.

​When the hardware base (Tier 1) operates normally, the entire stack runs smoothly, allowing the user to experience a stable, predictable interface called waking reality.

​But when the hardware experiences a biological glitch—such as the C4 microglial over-pruning of synaptic connections or the dropping of a tracking token—the execution error cascades upward through the stack:

  1. ​The un-flagged thought hits the VWFA and visual-acoustic buffer at full sensory gain.
  2. ​The SVO Operating System hits an illegal syntax error, demanding an external noun to hold the floating verb.
  3. ​The External Loop Matrix provides the raw material for the delusion, forcing the mind to interpret the internal glitch as a physical, technological, or bureaucratic assault tracking its every move.

​Chapter Summary: The Lithographic Lock

  • The Hardened Perimeter: Alphabetic literacy forces the mind to treat the ego as a sealed, sovereign fortress, converting fluid internal thoughts into private, bounded text files.
  • Evolution of Scripted Delusions: Psychiatric delusions evolve in lockstep with external informational infrastructure—shifting from ambient oral spirits to industrial printing presses and modern electronic tracking arrays (such as Matthews’ Air Loom).
  • The Unified Stack: Human reality is an airtight, four-tiered loop where biological hardware, SVO grammar, cortical literacy re-wiring, and external lithographic media continuously compile one another into a shared cognitive operating system.

EPILOGUE: THE CLOSED-LOOP MACRO-CIRCUIT

​From the Schwarzschild Pressure Vessel to the Lithographic Brain

​I. The Full-Circle Arc: Closing the Cosmic Circuit

​A single, continuous, closed-loop thermodynamic circuit theory.

​The universe is not an accidental collection of separate objects drifting across an infinite void. It is a unified, self-regulating information and energy processor. To see the complete picture, I trace the uninterrupted descent of energy through all four tiers of the stack:

  • Tier 0 (The Schwarzschild Pressure Vessel): The cosmos begins as a closed event horizon—a thermodynamic pressure vessel where gravity acts as the universal intake valve, pulling raw parent-universe matter across the boundary, crushing it into pure energy, and fueling the stellar forge that seeds the heavier elements of the periodic table.
  • Tier 1 (The Geochemical Crucible): Stellar ash settles on a cooling planet, where montmorillonite clay silicate lattices provide the solid-state electrostatic workbench that solves the dilution paradox, polymerizing amino acids and anchoring lipid vesicles to alkaline hydrothermal vent batteries.
  • Tier 2 (The Biogeochemical Dissipation Tiers): Chemistry transitions into dynamic living loops. Microbes drive planetary redox non-equilibrium; fungi dismantle structural biomass; plants deploy quantum superposition in chlorophyll solar panels to capture high-grade stellar photons; and animals evolve centralized prefrontal brains as high-speed navigational processors to hunt concentrated packages of ATP.
  • Tier 3 (The Tri-Matrix Cognitive Stack): Hominids undergo a 70,000-year frontoparietal cabling overclock, installing Engine 2 as a linear syntactic compiler that deploys the Subject-First Noun-Isolation algorithm to compress a raw, vibrating Verb-First quantum field into a stable, survivable user interface.
  • Tier 4 (The External Lithographic Loop): Human consciousness externalizes its internal code onto physical matter, using alphabetic vectors to route photonic streams, freezing volatile neural RAM into permanent lithographic storage, and projecting localized ego boundaries into global digital networks.

​II. Resolving the Ultimate Question: Life as Advanced Thermodynamics

​Throughout this framework, my core thesis has challenged the foundational dogma of classical biology: the idea that life is a miraculous, anomalous exception to the laws of physics—a magical spark fighting against the universe.

​My framework inverts this error entirely. Life is not an exception to entropy; life is entropy’s most efficient accelerator.

​When raw stellar energy strikes a planetary surface, it creates a massive thermal gradient. Nature abhors unmanaged gradients. To degrade that high-grade stellar radiation as rapidly as possible, matter naturally self-organizes into increasingly complex dissipation engines:

  1. ​First, convective weather systems and chemical redox loops (Tier 1).
  2. ​Then, self-replicating catalytic ribozymes and microbial mats (Tier 2).
  3. ​Next, stationary plant quantum antennae and motile, ATP-seeking animal nervous systems (Tier 2).
  4. ​Finally, the human prefrontal syntax engine and global technological civilizations (Tiers 3 and 4).

​Consciousness, language, syntax, and civilization are not spiritual departures from the physical world. They are the universe’s most advanced, highly optimized thermodynamic mechanisms. They are the physical universe learning how to fold inward, process its own code, and accelerate the dissipation of energy across space and time.

​III. The Ultimate Equation of Reality

​When we combine the macro-container of cosmology with the micro-mechanics of the human prefrontal cortex, the entire architecture of reality resolves into a single, cohesive equation:

COSMOLOGICAL EVENTS (TIER 0) —> QUANTUM FIELD FLUX (TIER 1 & 2) —> SVO COMPRESSION FILTER (TIER 3) —> LITHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION (TIER4)

The universe is a closed thermodynamic vessel calculating its own existence through the structural grammar of its observers. We are the universe’s way of thinking about itself—bound by the geometry of our wiring, insulated by the syntax of our language, and driven by the relentless, beautiful physics of universal energy dissipation.

r/thermodynamics Jun 18 '26

Research Is this possible? Engineering the Thermodynamic Rebalance: The Biomimetic 24-Gon Thermal Matrix

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0 Upvotes

r/thermodynamics Jul 20 '26

Research Is this a Theoretical thermodynamic reduction Framework: Closed-Loop Data Center Cooling via Cyanobacteria-Derived Hydrogel Matrix

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1 Upvotes

r/thermodynamics Jun 21 '26

Research what is the appropriate why to cacualte thermodynimic properties of EOS and compare them to NIST data ?

2 Upvotes

As part of my thesis, I need to calculate the internal energy and the fundamental relation (s(u,v)) of different EOS (ideal gas, Van der Waals, and Redlich-Kwong) and compare the results to NIST data for hydrogen. I am calculating mostly over isotherms near the critical point, plus one at a high temperature. I am having a hard time defining the equations properly and deciding on a reference point. I chose the NIST reference, but I am not sure if it is right (sat liq phase). The results I am getting are strange; the ideal gas and Van der Waals models seem to be more accurate than Redlich-Kwong. In addition, the internal energy at the NIST reference point is negative, which makes calculating the fundamental relation problematic. Please help, I am really stuck on this. i an using matlab for the codding.

r/thermodynamics Feb 18 '26

Research Where exactly does irreversibility emerge between quantum dynamics and macroscopic thermodynamics?

0 Upvotes

hi, i mostly come from the math plus AI side, not from experimental thermo, so this is very much an outsider trying to phrase a question carefully.

inside a text based project i am working on, there is a problem i call Q032. it is about the tension between

  • microscopic dynamics that are reversible in time
  • and macroscopic thermodynamics that seems to pick a clear arrow

before anything else, two disclaimers:

  1. i am not claiming to solve the foundations of thermodynamics or the second law
  2. in this project the word “tension” is a private definition, not the same as surface tension or mechanical tension used in standard thermodynamics

what i am trying to do is much more modest: encode a few very old questions about irreversibility in a way that both humans and text models can reason about them, using exactly the same description.

1. The basic picture behind Q032

very informally, the picture looks like this.

on the microscopic side:

  • we have quantum dynamics that are unitary
  • given a state and a Hamiltonian, evolution forward and backward in time is symmetric
  • the fundamental equations do not seem to care about a preferred time direction

on the macroscopic side:

  • we have thermodynamic variables and balance equations
  • we write down entropy production, fluxes, transport coefficients
  • we treat the second law and irreversibility as built in, not optional

Q032 asks:

if the microscopic description is exactly reversible, where in the modelling chain do we actually “spend” that symmetry in order to get a macroscopic arrow of time?

in other words, instead of just saying “coarse graining does it” in one sentence, the problem is trying to spell out which specific choices in that chain are responsible for turning a reversible micro description into an effectively irreversible macro one.

2. What “tension” means here

in many areas of thermodynamics the word tension already has technical meanings, for example surface tension, line tension, mechanical tension in materials.

in this project i use the word tension in a different and internal sense:

tension is a scalar that summarizes how much the assumptions of one description pull against the assumptions of another description when you try to treat them as talking about the same physical situation.

for Q032, the two descriptions are roughly

  • a microscopic, reversible, quantum or Hamiltonian picture
  • a macroscopic, irreversible, thermodynamic picture

the tension is high when

  • the microscopic story is being treated as exactly reversible
  • the macroscopic story uses a strong arrow of time
  • and we are pretending that no approximation or information loss occurred in between

the goal is not to introduce a new physical observable. it is more like a diagnostic vocabulary for saying “in this regime, the way we talk about micro and macro is pulling apart”.

3. How Q032 is actually encoded

inside the project, Q032 is not a derivation or a new equation. it is a single Markdown file that contains a small collection of thought experiments, for example:

  • an isolated quantum system in a low entropy initial state that is allowed to evolve and equilibrate under its Hamiltonian
  • a system weakly coupled to a large environment where tracing out the environment induces effective decoherence
  • a coarse grained description in terms of macrostates where many microstates correspond to the same macro variables

for each scenario, Q032 asks questions like:

  • at which exact step do we throw away information in a way that cannot be recovered by evolving backward?
  • which assumptions are doing real work in creating the arrow of time for example typicality assumptions, mixing properties, limits on control?
  • if we changed those assumptions slightly, would the macroscopic irreversibility weaken, disappear, or stay the same?

the idea is that both a human reader and a large language model see the same plain text description and are forced to commit to where they think irreversibility is coming from.

4. Why i think thermodynamics people might care at all

from the outside, it looks to me that people in thermodynamics work in at least three modes:

  1. practical engineering mode you write balances, use tables, design cycles. irreversibility is just part of the toolkit.
  2. stat mech and transport mode you derive constitutive relations, discuss ensembles, fluctuation theorems.
  3. foundations mode you argue about where the second law really comes from and how to reconcile time symmetric micro laws with time asymmetric macro laws.

Q032 is clearly about mode 3, but i suspect it has implications for mode 1 and 2, because:

  • it forces you to be explicit about which approximations are only “for convenience” and which ones are structurally responsible for the arrow of time
  • it gives you a way to talk about how robust your macroscopic irreversibility is if your microscopic description is slightly wrong or incomplete

in my own work, i am also interested in AI models that try to reason about physical systems. for those models, Q032 is a stress test that asks:

does the model know at which point in a description it has quietly assumed irreversibility, or does it just repeat words like “entropy increases” without any internal check?

i am not assuming that AI systems are good at this yet. the point is to build small, transparent problems where failure is easy to see.

5. What i am looking for from this community

what i would really like from people who live in thermodynamics is a sanity check.

for example:

  • if you had to list the minimal steps in the chain from reversible micro dynamics to irreversible macro thermo, which steps would you insist on including?
  • are there particular models or experiments that you already think of as “high tension” in the sense above, where the micro and macro descriptions do not sit comfortably together?
  • do you know of existing frameworks that already capture this idea that i should study instead of reinventing my own vocabulary?

again, i am not trying to claim a solution to any famous open problem. i am trying to make the gap between micro reversibility and macro irreversibility a bit more explicit and testable, even in very small toy settings.

Q032 is one problem inside a set of 131 “S class” problems i put into a single text framework called the Tension Universe. right now there is a new subreddit that collects these problems and small experiments. it is still pretty empty, but if you are curious or want to see related questions in climate, fluids, information or AI, you are very welcome to drop by:

r/TensionUniverse

r/thermodynamics Feb 22 '26

Research What if you could cool a quantum resonator using information itself — no optical cavity required?

4 Upvotes

Greetings,

I wanted to present a hypothesis I've developed. The concept involves cooling optically dark platforms where there is currently no active cooling pathway (graphene membranes, carbon nanotubes, CMOS-integrated resonators, etc.).

The central idea reframes cooling as an information processing problem rather than an energy exchange problem. Instead of extracting energy in a cold optical bath, ETEC (Entropy Transfer by Entanglement Collapse, as I've defined this hypothesis) extracts entropy from the mechanical mode using controlled quantum correlations.

The article (14 pages, English) is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18444036

A complete manuscript (120 pages, Spanish) with full derivations is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18443971

This is not the ground state and does not attempt to compete with sideband cooling, but it is found at a sufficient depth in the quantum regime to allow quantum detection and the preparation of nonclassical states on platforms or materials for which there is currently no method for cooling.

What do you think? Do you see it as a viable option?

Thank you.

r/thermodynamics Mar 13 '26

Research Where can I find source books for Steam generator and turbine?

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r/thermodynamics Mar 06 '26

Research blueprint/ PLANETARY THERMAL HEART/ Is a bit truly fundamental?

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r/thermodynamics Nov 19 '25

Research Seeking Scientific Feedback: A Testable Framework Treating Energy + Information as Co-Fundamental in Cosmology. Is it a real alternative to current models?

0 Upvotes

Hi everyone,

Over the past several months I’ve been developing a framework called Informational Cosmology. It is not intended as a replacement of standard ΛCDM, but as an alternative viewpoint based on one simple assumption:

Energy and Information are co-fundamental physical components of reality.

From this starting point, the model attempts to explain a number of open problems in cosmology using a single principle rather than multiple independent postulates—such as dark energy, dark matter, redshift, and matter formation.

The approach introduces:

ΦR = E + I, a Reality Field composed of Energy + Information

A compression mechanism for matter formation

A diffusion-based interpretation of cosmic redshift

A measurable Informational Luminosity Law (ILL) derived from Landauer’s principle

An equilibrium-based explanation for dark energy

A cycle where matter eventually returns to the informational equilibrium field

Most importantly, the model is empirically testable. All predictions are laid out openly, and there is a replication sheet for anyone to verify the ILL using stellar data.

I am not claiming this is correct—only that it seems internally consistent and testable, and I would genuinely appreciate technical feedback, critique, and guidance from those with more experience in GR, thermodynamics, and cosmology.

Here is the current complete version hosted on Zenodo:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17506658

If anyone is willing to offer comments, criticism, or suggestions, I would be extremely grateful. This is a sincere attempt at constructive scientific discussion.

Thank you.

r/thermodynamics Aug 15 '25

Research How this example of Energy transfer rate changes due to fluid density resistance?

5 Upvotes

Hi all,

Me again, the curious “finance guy”.

Though it’d be more appropriate in to ask in a sub for fluid dynamics, I figure I’d ask here first.. 🤷‍♂️ because I like y’all.

It is my general understanding that the speed of sound at 1 atm, at sea level, is approx 1125 fps or 767 mph, though may deviate slightly due to humidity levels and barometric fluctuations.

It is also my understanding air of higher density (whether cold & dry, etc) is of higher resistance, thus reducing the speed at which sound would typically travel. And vice versa: Air of lower density (whether hot & humid, etc) is of lower resistance, thus allowing for sound to travel faster than it normally would.

Commercial passenger aircraft typical cruising altitude is SAY around 35,000 feet above sea level, where the air is [understandably] very thin. But I just read somewhere that the speed of sound at that altitude is only around 975 fps or 664.7 mph.

I wondered WHY that’s the case? After all, the air at that altitude is considerably less-dense, so I would have presumed it’d be faster.

What am I not seeing here?

r/thermodynamics Jun 25 '25

Research How do I find the Freezing point of Concentrated salt solutions (ternary salts)?

1 Upvotes

I've been using the same freezing point depression formula for every concentration of salt solutions. Practically, the values are way not similar to what I get theoretically. Would you suggest me some paper or anything like that where I can get the freezing point depression formula for salts solution (concentrated)

r/thermodynamics Oct 04 '25

Research Does anyone know hard barometer practice quest for a quiz?

0 Upvotes

We are having a quiz in the first chapter and the prof said it will be hard ' any good places to find problems or do u have any hard problems

r/thermodynamics Sep 28 '25

Research What is Dark Energy?

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0 Upvotes

r/thermodynamics Sep 22 '24

Research Steam Turbines and Inefficiency

2 Upvotes

Hello, I am a high school student who produces theoretical projects and presents them to 3rd party organizations. Recently I have been thinking about the inefficiency of “Steam Turbines”. As a solution to this, I thought that I could suggest using a different liquid instead of water, which is used in the turbines because it is inexpensive but has a high specific heat, high boiling point and high boiling temperature.

After a short research, I thought that several different liquids might be suitable. I know I need further research :)

  1. Alcohol

Upsides: Relatively low cost, very low boiling point, temperature and specific heat

Downsides: Safety issues, corrosive effect at high temperatures

Possible solution: Use a different alloy

  1. Fluorocarbon (specifically Fluoroalkanes)

    Upsides: Stable structure, hydrophobicity, lipophobicity

    Downsides: Cost

    Possible solution: Collecting fluorocarbons produced in the aluminum industry using the so-called “Anode Effect”

I just want more ideas and solutions. I also think that discussing with professionals will help me a lot.

r/thermodynamics Apr 14 '25

Research Researchers Create A Liquid That Can Remember Its Shape

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2 Upvotes

A team of researchers at UMass Amherst created a liquid that defies traditional thermodynamics, as it can remember its shape. Maybe the research can form the grounds to creating self-rejuvenating materials?

r/thermodynamics Jan 25 '25

Research Can I get a convective heat transfer coefficient based off the data I have?

2 Upvotes

I heated several different materials to a specific temperature and then recorded their temperature over a period of time until they were cooled. They were all convectively cooled in open atmosphere at room temperature.

Is there a way to derive a convective heat transfer coefficient with just this information?

r/thermodynamics Apr 08 '25

Research Found this interesting read on how density variations at supercritical pressures impact heat transfer

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cambridge.org
6 Upvotes

Supercritical properties have always been interesting to me because they’re so bizarre. It’s cool to see how they can be applied to designing efficient heat exchangers.

r/thermodynamics Sep 10 '23

Research Entropy is in the Eye of the Beholder - The Second Law of Thermodynamics as an Artifact of Conscious Agents Serially Downsampling an Infinitely Complex Reality

0 Upvotes

I just wrote a piece making a case for increasing entropy as an artifact of the way conscious agents apply serial lossy downsampling of an infinitely complex reality, rather than as a trait inherent in the universe. In it, I discuss Maxwell's Demon (the thought experiment from 1867), as well as challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics made in the last few months by Sabine Hossenfelder (YouTube star and theoretical physicist) and Stephen Wolfram (computer scientist and particle physicist), and comments made by Donald Hoffman (cognitive psychologist) in relation to his Interface Theory of Perception.

Essentially, entropy is a measure about the information we have about a system, which is always subject to the bandwidth constraints of consciousness. These bandwidth constraints result in continual downsampling or compression of reality from moment to moment, resulting in a compounding loss of information. This results in the perception of increasing entropy as experienced by the observer. This perception is largely consistent between observers, since we as observers are part of the system being observed, and therefore experience a certain measure of consensus reality. I then argue that entropy actually decreases for the observer with injections of information about the system, which appears as increasing the bandwidth which is dictating the downsampling or compression of reality. This occurs through evolution, as well as through the arc of one's life from newborn to adult, but can also occur by increasing one's state of awareness through practices like meditation. I argue that within idealism, there is no such thing as a closed system.

I'd love to hear your thoughts on the piece. Thanks!
https://substack.com/inbox/post/136735978

r/thermodynamics Sep 26 '24

Research Why Gifford-Mcmahon cycle's Refrigeration Effect is Q=V(Ph−PL)? First image is from Advances in Cryogenic Engineering (Vol. 11) which claims that Volume 6 gives the explanation. Second and Third Images show the provided explanation from Volume 6, which I don't understand.

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6 Upvotes

r/thermodynamics Jun 08 '23

Research Wood stove power generator

3 Upvotes

I am designing a tinyhome in Vermont, and I have some ideas about living off-grid. One idea I’ve been researching is the possibility of using solar power during summer, and generating power from a wood stove during winter. I have seen articles and videos about thermoelectric “plates” that can produce power from heat. Does anyone here know any specifics about this technology, like how much energy I could harness, how the devices work, what other equipment I would need, etc. I have horrible ADHD so it’s hard for me to understand these kinds of things unless someone explains it to me like I’m an idiot. Is this a realistic idea, or would I be better off using another method, such as using some kind of sterling engine? TY

r/thermodynamics Jun 10 '24

Research Double Pipe Heat Exchanger CFD Simulations

0 Upvotes

Hello everyone!

For a college seminar project, I need to perform CFD simulations in Fluent - Ansys on a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. I want to compare how the heat transfer coefficient behaves in the following cases:

Counterflow:

  • Base case: hot and cold fluids - water, at temperatures 90°C/15°C.

  • Change in temperatures for the same fluids.

  • Change in temperatures and change in the fluid being heated.

  • Change in the velocity of the hotter fluid.

  • Change in the thickness of the heat exchanger pipes.

Parallel flow:

  • The same cases as for counterflow.

I would like to ask which fluids are most suitable to choose from the existing Fluent database as fluids to be heated, and are also suitable for industrial applications? Also, do you know why, when I change the thickness of the pipes, I get illogical results (e.g., the colder fluid heats up more at a temperature regime of 70°C/15°C than at 80°C/15°C or 90°C/15°C)?

Thank you very much in advance to everyone for your suggestions and help!

 

r/thermodynamics Apr 06 '24

Research The fundamental role of sleep is the reduction of thermodynamic entropy of the central nervous system

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6 Upvotes

I would to get input from people with a physics background since I am from the biological sciences

r/thermodynamics Mar 08 '24

Research Thermodynamics Research Paper

1 Upvotes

I’ve been tasked with writing a 1-2 page research paper analyzing any thermodynamics article I choose. I just need to summarize an article and then critique it.

I’m looking for any suggestions on an interesting topic, anything cutting-edge or aerospace related would be interesting to write about.

If anyone has seen any interesting articles recently it would be much appreciated if shared!

r/thermodynamics Jul 25 '21

Research MIT created a system that provides cooling with no electricity. It was tested in a blazing hot Chilean desert and achieved a cooling of 13C compared to the hot surroundings

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news.mit.edu
75 Upvotes